Midterm Study Guide -- Fiction

This afternoon, before the papers come in, I'd like to start the midterm study guide for fiction.  The pictures above are of Mel's Drive-In in Hollywood
http://www.melsdrive-in.com/hoursandlocations/hollywood.html
and a street scene in LA.  Southern California is known for its car culture (isn't The Fast and the Furious set there?), and people are able to drive antique cars more often because the roads don't need to be salted as they do here. 

Hmmm....on review day I'll have to dig up a YouTube of various antique cars on display in Southern California!

However, let's start with the folktales from Monday the 18th.

The first is the Brothers' Grimm's "Godfather Death."

http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm044.html

Next is the Wishram story, "Coyote and Eagle Visit the Land of the Dead."

http://www.native-languages.org/wishramstory.htm

The Navajo shadow puppet show "Coyote and Horned Toad" follows:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjUlyarH9F0

In addition, here is Wikipedia's outline of the characteristics of oral culture:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orality#Theory_of_the_characteristics_of_oral_culture

Take a look at the book review of Fr. Walter J. Ong's Orality and Literacy below:
http://worldlit2.multiply.com/journal/item/51/Orality_Literacy_._._._Cross-Posting_from_EN_201_Blog
How does orality shape the folktales we've read?  How does it shape the stories that Troy tells in Fences--and his approach to life?  (Feel free to compare it to Rose's or Cory's.)

-- Here are some of my EN 202 entries on the Brothers Grimm and their work. 
http://worldlit2.multiply.com/journal/item/146/The_Brothers_Grimm_From_Enchanted_Forests_to_the_Modern_World
http://worldlit2.multiply.com/journal/item/147

For the outline of Joseph Campbell's monomyth (hero's journey), see this link:

http://orias.berkeley.edu/hero/JourneyStages.pdf

It goes without saying that Dagoberto Gilb's "Love in L.A." and Joyce Carol Oates' "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" will be on the midterm.  Terms on plot (including foreshadowing, flashback, and false closure) and character (including protagonist, antagonist, and anti-hero) will be on the midterm as well.  Below is a picture of Shakespeare's Falstaff, who exemplifies the anti-hero.  He is the bearded man with the big belly...the man who is talking!

Here is a montage of scenes from "Smooth Talk," the movie that Chris mentioned in class today:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=co9bfNOlSRQ

The trailer is below:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXvmkCVbrBk&feature=related



The following stories will be on the midterm:  Sandra Cisneros' "The House on Mango Street," Alice Walker's "Everyday Use," and Lynda Barry's "Today's Demon: Magic."  We will also cover point of view (first-person, third-person limited & objective & omniscient) and theme as a way to compare/contrast works from different genres.  In addition, there may be a question or two on the definition of literature and inclusion of various genres (graphic fiction, autobiography & life writing, film, music).  With the last in mind, here are links to the videos from American Graffiti:

Here is the link to the trailer. 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6Jo1gH89VM

For the beginning of the movie, see this link:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tzfm2fKYARU


To listen to Bob Dylan's "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" and read the song's lyrics, go
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziQx0cXV4nY

Here are some more sites where you may find Lynda Barry's work:

http://www.marlysmagazine.com/

http://www.comixology.com/articles/10/All-the-Comics-4-Lynda-Barry

http://comicscomicsmag.com/2011/02/lynda-barry.html

Vice Magazine also has an interesting interview with her.

The last stories on the midterm will be Jamaica Kincaid's "Girl" and Ernest Hemingway's "Hills Like White Elephants." 

I may also ask you about the following prose poems:

Russell Edson's "Sleep"
http://webdelsol.com/tpp/tpp5/tpp5_edson.html

Naomi Shihab Nye's "Hammer and Nail"
http://webdelsol.com/tpp/tpp5/tpp5_edson.html

Below are the definitions that we looked at:

Natalia's Summary of The Girl Without Hands

Link

Ram's Summary of Girl Without Hands

Link

Thank you again, Ram :)

Ram's Summary of Goose Girl

Link

Thank you, Ram :)

Clever Maids: The Secret History of the Grimm Fairy Tales

Americans have...or used to have...a saying that behind every successful man was a strong woman.  Valerie Paradiz' study is about the women who provided the Brothers Grimm with their stories and who, for the most part, did not receive any credit for it.  Ms. Paradiz argues that this occurred because of eighteenth and nineteenth century attitudes towards women.  Women were to be silent and submissive.  It goes without saying that they received limited educations. Indeed, the Brothers Grimm severely criticize their fifteen year old sister Lotte for mourning their mother's death and being unable to devote herself to domesticity the way that their mother had.  Wilhelm Grimm had a very problematic relationship with Annette von Droste-Hulshoff, a bright, feisty young woman who would later become a noted writer.  In fact,  von Droste-Hulshoff's picture appeared on a West German stamp in 1961.




However, the Brothers Grimm experienced other more supportive relationships with women.  I have mentioned their neighbor Dorothea Wild, who later married Wilhelm.  She was also Lotte's close friend and tried to mediate between her and her older brothers.  Here are links to two of the stories that Dorothea or Dortchen passed on to Wilhelm and Jacob.  The first is "The Six Swans," a story that Ms. Paradiz believes reflects Lotte's predicament:

http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm049.html

Another was "The Singing Bone," a story that may have reflected Dortchen's own dilemma as the beloved of three of the Grimms: Wilhelm, Jacob, and Ferdinand, their ne'er do well sibling.

http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0780.html#grimm

Henry Justice Ford's 1894 illustration of "The Six Swans" is below:



Dortchen's sisters also contributed to the Grimms' project.  One of the first stories that they gave was "Child of Mary":
http://www.fairytalechannel.org/search/label/Child%20of%20Mary .  Dortchen's older sister Gretchen was the storyteller this time.  Another of Gretchen's contributions was "The Companionship of Cat and Mouse": 
http://www.cgjungpage.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=156
Another sister, Mie, told the tale of "Godfather Death":
http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm044.html .  However, I want to close with a link to another of Dortchen's stories, "All Fur":  http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm065.html.  "Frau Holle" (pictured below) is another of her stories, too.

http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm024.html

Another storyteller was Friederike Mannel, a pastor's daughter who ran a guest house in Allendorf.  She also contributed folk songs to a collection by Clemens Brentano, one of the Grimms' mentors.  One of her stories that she gave to the Grimms was "Fitcher's Bird."  The version printed here draws on her telling as well as on Dortchen's:

http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm046.html

Allendorf is a common name for a German town or city, but I think that this may be Friederike Mannel's city:

Interestingly, as Ms. Paradiz relates, while Wilhelm enjoyed Friederike's company and respected her knowledge of folklore, he was highly annoyed by his mentor Brentano's young wife, Auguste, who had the temerity to discuss Shakespeare and Goethe.  Auguste was a fellow guest at Friederike's establishment.  Friederike was friendly to Auguste but also shared Wilhelm's annoyance with her.

The Grimms relied on other groups of sisters.  The first were the Hassenpflugs, a family who had emigrated from France because of religious persecution.  Ironically, the Hassenpflugs' stories brought French influences into the Grimms' collection of ostensibly German stories. Over the years, several of their stories were incorrectly attributed to "Old Marie," a fictional servant of the family.  This particularly strikes Ms. Paradiz as Marie Hassenpflug, one of the more prolific storytellers, was a beautiful young lady.  Marie's picture is below:


Among the sisters' contributions was "Little Red Cap":
http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm026.html

Charles Perrault's "Little Red Riding Hood" may be found here: 
http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0333.html#perrault

Another contribution was "The Maiden with No Hands": 
http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/armlessmaiden/index.html

The second group of sisters were the von Hauxthausens, members of the German nobility and themselves collectors of German folklore.  Some of the stories that these women gave were written in dialect.  This particularly pleased the Grimms who were linguists as well as collectors of stories.  One story was "The Maid of Brakel" : 
http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/4459/
Another, more famous, is "The Bremen Town Musicians" although the version given here is attributed to Dorothea Viehmann, another important storyteller and the only one who was given credit during the Grimms' lifetime.

http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm027.html

"Devil Greencoat" was another story that the von Hauxthausens gave the Grimms.  Unfortunately, it is not available online, but you may reconstruct it from Surlalune's annotations:
http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/bearskin/notes.html

"Bearskin," a heavily revised version is available here: 
http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/bearskin/index.html

The youngest von Hauxthausen sister, ten year-old Anna, was particularly helpful to the Grimms.

Annette von Droste Hulshoff's sister Jenny was the source for "The Worn-out Dancing Shoes":
http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/twelvedancing/index.html
In 1874, Charles Deulin, a French author, reworked this story:
http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/twelvedancing/stories/lang.html
By the way, even though Annette terrified Wilhelm, he was very much attracted to Jenny, a sweeter and less opinionated young woman.  He may even have wished to marry her.


Finally, I'd like to mention Dorothea Viehmann, an older woman who more closely fit our preconceptions of the Grimms' sources.  Once middle class, she had married a tailor (an occupation that appears frequently in the Grimms' stories), and by the time she met Jacob and Wilhelm, she was quite poor, living a hand to mouth existence.  The stories that she provided included "The Goose Girl":
http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/goosegirl/index.html

"Doctor Know It All" :
http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm098.html

and "The Three Army Surgeons":
http://www.pinkmonkey.com/dl/library1/story171.pdf

Unsurprisingly, not only did Dorothea Viehmann receive credit for telling the brothers her stories but her picture appeared in their collection.


Jack Zipes discusses the impact that historical and cultural context had on the Grimms' stories.  One wonders how much impact the storytellers' own lives had on the stories that they chose to give the brothers.

After Dorothea Viehmann's death in 1815, the Brothers Grimm moved on to a new stage of their careers.  Of course, many of their younger storytellers and collectors had also married and become mothers, so they no longer had time to provide the brothers with stories.  As Ms. Paradiz observes, from this point on, the stories that the brothers collected would be print versions from old libraries.  Wilhelm also spent much time adapting stories for young readers.  Even then, Ms. Paradiz notes, parents considered the Grimms' stories to be too harsh for their children.

I'll close with some images from the Grimms' stories.

This is actually an illustration of Hans Christian Andersen's retelling of "The Worn-Out Dancing Shoes":


Ah, this is a good place for a picture of a cat and a mouse!!

Here is a modern illustration of "Little Red Cap":

Once again here are the town musicians of Bremen .... in Bremen!

The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World

This summer I resolved to learn a little more about fairy tales, specifically about the people who have written or transcribed them.  Probably the most famous of these people are the Brothers Grimm (Wilhelm and Jacob), so I've begun my reading with Prof. Jack Zipes' study (pictured above).  This book is more than a biography as it covers not only the brothers' life stories but also the impact that their tales have had on German readers (scholars & common readers)--and the reasons that they have had such an impact.

Do you know about the 2005 movie, The Brothers Grimm, that starred Heath Ledger?  (See the link below for the trailer:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3QkwDld1d4


    That is not the real story.

However, contrary to what we "know," neither did the Brothers Grimm go out to the farms and forests and collect stories from German peasants.  As Prof. Zipes points out, the brothers gathered their stories from literate, middle-class storytellers who came to their house.  (Wilhelm even married one of the storytellers, Dortchen Wild, a pharmacist's daughter.)  The brothers then collected different versions of these stories, revising and editing them for publication.  Wilhelm continued to rework these stories as the audience of the collections changed from adults to children.  Here is a link to a comparison of different versions of "Hansel and Gretel":
http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm015a.html

You may also read different versions of "Snow White" here:
http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm053.html
http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0709.html#snowwhite

Prof. Zipes therefore discusses the Grimms' tales as literary fairy tales, works that draw on both orality and print.  Although the Grimms' tales occupy a unique position in German and world culture, they are also very much a type of literature that was very popular in the 19th century.

Arthur Rackham's illustration below is from an English translation of "Snow White" (1909).  In this version, she is called Snowdrop.


Prof. Zipes also points out that the most well-known stories, the ones that we think of when we think about the Brothers Grimm's fairy tales, do not represent all of the stories that the brothers collected, revised, and edited.  Here are links to some other stories.  We may talk about "Godfather Death" in class: http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm044.html.  Prof. Zipes discusses "The Maiden Without Hands" at length:  http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm031.html  Another story that he alludes to is "Frau Trude" :  http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm043.html

To see Justin Chen's art inspired by "The Maiden Without Hands," go to this link:
http://jkhc.blogspot.com/2009/02/maiden-without-hands-click-image-for.html

In fact, when we think about the most well-known stories, we may really be thinking about versions by Walt Disney or one of the many 20th-century writers for children!  

Prof. Zipes seems to be most interested in the historical and cultural context of the Grimms' stories.  Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm lived from 1785 to 1863 and 1786 to 1859.  During their lifetime, Germany was not one country.  It was divided up into different, independent states such as Hanover and Prussia, and, during the early 1800s, these states became satellites of France.  In other words, they were ruled by members of Napoleon's family.  As a result, the Grimms sought to preserve German culture and were very much in favor of German unification.  Their family situation complicated their political and cultural activism.  Since their father had died when they were boys, Jacob and Wilhelm also had to struggle to survive in a world where money and social standing were essential.  Both men trained as lawyers and worked in a variety of professions.  Yet ultimately they were successful.  They were able to pursue their cultural activism and publish a number of works, including the beginnings of a German dictionary as well as their anthologies of fairy tales.  The brothers were proud of their success and attributed it to their values (hard work, love of family, Protestant piety).  Prof. Zipes suggests that their stories reflected both the larger political and cultural context and the brothers' personal situation. 

Below is a map of Europe so that you may see where Germany is:


  Also, below is a picture of Kassel, the city that the Grimms called home.  It is now described as "the capital of the German fairy tale route":


Prof. Zipes concludes by showing how central the Grimms' tales are to Germans.  The stories are truly a common cultural currency and represent a different kind of popular culture, that is, folk culture.  As examples of folk culture, they played a key role in Germans' efforts to rehabilitate themselves after WWII and, in East Germany, to establish and support Communism. Late twentieth century authors in West Germany reworked these stories for adults and children both as satire and as stories that continued the Grimms' tradition of political and cultural activism.  Some of these reworkings are poems!  German pop psychology draws on the Grimms' tales in ways that intrigue yet infuriate Prof. Zipes.   He considers these pop psychologists' readings to be very limited and limiting.

It is always interesting to see how people from other cultures look at our readings...and at literature in general. 

Below is a picture of a sculpture of the Frog Prince.

And here is an image from a German comic "Frau mit Frosch" (Woman with Frog) about a businesswoman and her modern-day frog prince:

I tried to look for illustrations of some of the more outrageous modern-day adaptations, but they aren't online yet.  In more than one story, the fairy tale heroine starts a union for workers, and one even emigrates to America because our country has no kings or princes.  One hero is helped by an elf named Xram...Marx backwards.  And these were the adaptations from capitalistic West Germany!  The communist East Germans' adaptations were more traditional.

Native American Folktales (Background)

Just to brush up on our geography, I thought that I'd post a map of the Pacific Northwest, the part of our country where the Coyote Tales we read came from.  (The map is from Sheppard/Wood Distributors, a commercial warehouse and distribution company from Boise.)

Below is a map of Idaho itself from the Eastern Idaho Interagency Fire Center.


"Coyote and Bull" and "Coyote and the Mallard Ducks" came from the Nez Perce, so I thought I would begin with a little information about this people, but while we are posting maps, I will post a map of the territory held by the Nez Perce in the 19th century.  This map is from the Chief Washakie Foundation's web site.


Adam Kittleson's article from Minnesota State University at Mankato's E-museum is a good place to begin. 

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/northamerica/nez_perce.html

This history is from the Nez Perce tribal government's official website:

http://www.nezperce.org/content/history/nimiipu.htm

http://www.nezperce.org/Official/historyfaq.htm

For more detailed information, see this article by Deward E. Walker, Jr. and Peter N. Jones:

http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/walker.html

The Nez Perce were also among the many peoples that the Lewis and Clark Expedition met on their way to the Pacific Ocean.

http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/native/nez.html

The Nez Perce were also known for their Appaloosa horses:

http://www.nezperce.com/npedu13a.html

If you don't know what an Appaloosa horse looks like, here is a picture below. The picture is a public domain photograph from Wikimedia Commons.

Chief Joseph (1840-1904) was also one of the most famous Nez Perce.  For his story, see this link:  http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/chiefjoseph.htm

This biography is also interesting:

http://www.windriverhistory.org/exhibits/chiefjoseph/chiefjoseph01.htm

The picture of Chief Joseph below is from Wikimedia Commons.  It was taken in 1900, towards the end of his life and long after he had surrendered to the United States.



Here Jeff Head writes about his travels along the Nez Perce trail.  The pictures are beautiful!

http://www.jeffhead.com/magruder/index.htm

On to the Wishram, the people who gave us "Coyote and Eagle in the Land of the Dead."  They once lived along the Columbia River, the border between Oregon and Washington.  At one point, they were relocated to the Yakama Reservation, about 100 miles north of this area.

As you may see from this free map from the Map Company, quite a few groups lived in this area.  The map below shows where the Wishram live now as part of the Yakama Confederation.



Here is a little more information about the Wishram:

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lewisandclark/record_tribes_064_13_33.html

http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/native/wis.html

For more information about the Yakama Nation, see this site.  Scroll down past the ads for an interesting article.

http://www.ohwy.com/wa/y/yakamana.htm

Below is a Wikimedia Commons picture of Wishram petroglyphs at a site called Wishram Village.  It is now part of a national park near The Dalles, Oregon.


Scroll down for more information about Wishram Village or Nixluidix:

http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMYPK

The picture below is from www.waymarking.com. 



The story of She Who Watches is also from the Wishram:

http://www.lensjoy.com/gallery/20.htm

The photo below is by Chris Carvalho.


With the Shoshone and "Wolf Tricks the Coyote Trickster," we return to Idaho.  Finding a map for the Shoshone is particularly difficult since their one-time territory was so large.  The map below is from Boise State University's magazine Idaho Issues Online.  Here are a few pieces to put together, but I will provide only an overview and focus on the Shoshone within Idaho since the story about Wolf and Coyote is from the Lemhi-Shoshone.





For more information about the Shoshone, see these sites:

http://www.shoshoneindian.com/

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lewisandclark/record_tribes_017_11_8.html

This site also includes audiofiles as well:

http://www.wisdomoftheelders.org/program301.html

Lewis and Clark's guide Sacajawea was a member of the Shoshone although she had been kidnapped away from her tribe and sold into slavery.  The illustration below is from the Chief Washakie Foundation's website.

http://www.shoshoneindian.com/sacajawea_001.htm


Here is a web article on Chief Washakie, an Eastern Shoshone chief who lived into the 20th century.

http://www.windriverhistory.org/exhibits/washakie_2/index.htm

Below is a picture of Idaho's Snake River, along which the Shoshone lived.  This picture came from the University of Montana-Missoula's Regional Learning Project.

Leslie Marmon Silko (whose poems I read on Monday) is descended from the Laguna Pueblo in New Mexico.  As we learned from reading "Franz Boas' Visit," she also has white ancestry.  The map below is from Prof. S.J. Crouthamel's site for his course, Introduction to American Indian Studies at Palomar College.



The Pueblo is a much larger group, but I thought I'd begin with an overview.

  http://www.cabq.gov/aes/s3pueblo.html

Writing in 1932, James Paytiamo explains how the Laguna Pueblo came to be and were named.

http://southwestcrossroads.org/record.php?num=508

This history is more formal and less anecdotal:

http://southwestcrossroads.org/record.php?num=665

Here is a picture of the Laguna Pueblo from teacher Nancy Lopez's site at Jefferson Middle School in Albuquerque, NM.


This profile essay on Leslie Marmon Silko also gives you a little background on the Laguna Pueblo.

https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rnelson/woman.html

Here is an extended interview with Ms. Marmon Silko:

http://www.altx.com/interviews/silko.html

The Laguna Pueblo are also known for their pottery:

http://www.clayhound.us/sites/laguna.htm

The picture below is also from www.clayhound.us .


I will finish up with information about the Anishinaabe, Gerald Vizenor's background.  This people lives in the upper Midwest, in Minnesota.  Specifically, Vizenor is a member of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, White Earth Reservation (see the map from Native Wiki further below).

For more information about the Minnesota Chippewa, see the site below:

http://www.mnchippewatribe.org/a_brief_history.htm

This site has quite a bit of information about the White Earth Reservation:

http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/mn/whitearth.htm
With our current interest in biodiversity and local food, the wild rice has become more and more important:

http://www.savewildrice.org/history

A branch of the Anishinaabe are based in Canada.  Anishinaabe-Canadian Norval Morisseau's work is depicted below.  I found this image at virtualmuseum.ca , an online collection of images from Canada's museums.

 

Study Guide for the Final (Folktales, Tales, Short Stories)

Above is a still from a 1970 version of "Donkey Skin."  The actress Catherine Deneuve played both Donkey Skin and her mother. 

Orality – proverbs/repetition/cliches, performance/responsiveness to an audience/improvisation or change, flat characters/focus on action, communal/external, conservative, Fr. Walter J. Ong, Milman Parry

“Donkey Skin” – 17^th c. – Perrault partipated in conflict of Ancients (held on to the past, classics stayed classics, not to be changed, Greece/Rome were cultural models) vs. Moderns (improve & revise literature – sonnets, ballads, folktales, local was the model, women writers like Behn)—like Cinderella—princess who had to escape her father (who wanted to marry her)—transgression—she runs away & with help of fairy godmother disguises herself as servant—but she brings along trunk w/ toiletries—on Sunday she catches the prince’s eye & wins him—reunites with purged father—irony & social criticism-- see the morals of this story!

“All Kinds of Fur”—very much 19^th c.—no moral stated – Brothers Grimm’s revision of “DS”—they revised to take out foreign influences and later sexual & other adult references

Von Tieck’s “Fair Haired Eckbert” – not oral but published, product of print culture – witch who follows Bertha around to punish her for running off – Bertha & Eckbert are half-siblings; witch disguises herself as Walther & Hugo—bird & dog—supernatural—darker, protagonist is not a common protagonist -- this story was recently made into an opera by Judith Weir and Kenneth Hesketh:

http://www.theoperagroup.co.uk/productions/more/blond_eckbert_other_stories/

http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2006/jun/16/classicalmusicandopera1

Balzac’s “Sarrasine”—supernatural in 19^th c. high society (after Napoleon’s fall), narrator & his audience, the de Lanty family, the “ghost,”La Zambinella, Sarrasine, Cardinal, in some ways this story is very grounded  This story as well has been transformed into an opera.  Its composer is Matthew Suttor.

http://www.music.columbia.edu/fest99/festreport/mvmt_sound/Sarrasine/description.html

Below is a 19th c. illustration of Sarrasine with La Zambinella.

Coyote Tales – “Coyote and Bull,” “Coyote as Medicine Man,” and “The Origin of Eternal Death” – also folktales, similarities & differences—Coyote as trickster, Coyote tricked (compare Leslie Marmon Silko’s poem about Coyote)

Tolstoy’s “After the Ball”—tale/short story, frame narrative, the narrator sees his future father-in-law in a new, darker light as he whips a Tartar who has tried to desert the army.  I wasn't able to find an illustration of this story, but the still below is from the 1956 version of War and Peace that starred Audrey Hepburn.

Joyce’s “Araby” – 20^th c. story – Dubliners – epiphany/everyday – particular/local  The picture below is from Dublin around 1900.

Vizenor’s “Ice Tricksters”—Native American literature/short story

Vizenor’s “Shadows”—Native American literature/tale – supernatural, Bagese also became a bear, orality vs. print, game of wanaki, narrator was a professor

The picture below is from National Geographic.

Noa Baum’s performance – good experience to hear the tale being told, a real folk tale to me, 1^st part of story – 1948, still an ongoing conflict, still inflammatory—connection to the land, not what I expected, really important to see/hear her tell the story, this was a true story, her life

The picture below is from Ms. Baum's performance in El Paso, TX.